History/Archaeology Thread

SteveJ

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I'm appalled that people question the integrity of my usual sources: the Daily Mail, Goal.com and Goatherders' Bi-monthly.
 

Penna

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And the Sunday Sport, Steve??

Seriously, the practice of getting money for severed hands didn't die with the Egyptians. King Leopold continued it in the Congo Free State in the late 19th century.

Congolese labourers who failed to meet rubber collection quotas were often punished by having their hands cut off. Failure to meet the rubber collection quotas was punishable by death.

Meanwhile, the Force Publique were required to provide a hand of their victims as proof when they had shot and killed someone, as it was believed that they would otherwise use the munitions (imported from Europe at considerable cost) for hunting food. As a consequence, the rubber quotas were in part paid off in chopped-off hands. Sometimes the hands were collected by the soldiers of the Force Publique, sometimes by the villages themselves. There were even small wars where villages attacked neighbouring villages to gather hands, since their rubber quotas were too unrealistic to fill.

One junior white officer described a raid to punish a village that had protested. The white officer in command 'ordered us to cut off the heads of the men and hang them on the village palisades ... and to hang the women and the children on the palisade in the form of a cross.'[10] After seeing a Congolese person killed for the first time, a Danish missionary wrote: 'The soldier said "Don't take this to heart so much. They kill us if we don't bring the rubber. The Commissioner has promised us if we have plenty of hands he will shorten our service."'[11] In Forbath's words:

The baskets of severed hands, set down at the feet of the European post commanders, became the symbol of the Congo Free State. ... The collection of hands became an end in itself. Force Publique soldiers brought them to the stations in place of rubber; they even went out to harvest them instead of rubber... They became a sort of currency. They came to be used to make up for shortfalls in rubber quotas, to replace... the people who were demanded for the forced labour gangs; and the Force Publique soldiers were paid their bonuses on the basis of how many hands they collected.

In theory, each right hand proved a killing. In practice, soldiers sometimes "cheated" by simply cutting off the hand and leaving the victim to live or die. More than a few survivors later said that they had lived through a massacre by acting dead, not moving even when their hands were severed, and waiting till the soldiers left before seeking help. In some instances a soldier could shorten his service term by bringing more hands than the other soldiers, which led to widespread mutilations and dismemberment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State
 

SteveJ

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Arghhh, I wish I hadn't read that. :(
 

SilentWitness

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I'm about to study archaeology at uni. Can't wait, 4 year course and then hopefully I'm able to use it to travel the world.
 

SteveJ

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I'm about to study archaeology at uni. Can't wait, 4 year course and then hopefully I'm able to use it to travel the world.
Good luck, mate. :) All my life, I've wanted to be an archaeologist. Unfortunately, I was exposed to a deadly dose of Laziness at a young age.
 

SteveJ

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Sounds like a very interesting job. You probably have to enjoy travelling, and you know, history.
Just like Liverpool fans in the Europa League.
 

SilentWitness

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Thanks all. Peru and Egypt are a must. I'd also like to investigate concentration camps too. Had the privilege to go to Auschwitz in my last year at school and to be spoken to by a survivor. Unreal experience.
 

jim

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History as an academic field (separate from ancient history) doesn't really go beyond 1000AD, and archaeology rarely tells us anything historical about the period subsequent. The point I'm making is that nothing in this thread is history, academically speaking.
 

SteveJ

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Tbh, I started this thread because the article I posted doesn't fit in the General's 'Wikipedia' one. It's merely a place for (arguably) interesting stuff which doesn't fit elsewhere, fora or threads.
 

nimic

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History as an academic field (separate from ancient history) doesn't really go beyond 1000AD, and archaeology rarely tells us anything historical about the period subsequent. The point I'm making is that nothing in this thread is history, academically speaking.
Well yes, but this is the history and archaeology thread, he just started it off with an archaeology article ;)

From the Daily Mail, mind :lol:
 

SteveJ

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Penna

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I nearly said 'I'm not believing a word of that as you haven't cited the DM', but maybe the archeology news network is a reasonable back-up source. :)
 

R.N7

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This was pretty bad as well...

The summer of acid rain
Molten iron raining down like cowpats; ice floes at New Orleans. The weather of 1783 was an extraordinary case of sudden climate change driven by atmospheric gases.

http://www.economist.com/node/10311405
Contributed to the French Revolution if I'm not mistaken because of the following weather changes and resulting famine.
 

SteveJ

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I nearly said 'I'm not believing a word of that as you haven't cited the DM', but maybe the archeology news network is a reasonable back-up source. :)
:lol:
 

peterstorey

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Gilbert White recorded his perceptions of the event at Selborne, Hampshire, England:
The summer of the year 1783 was an amazing and portentous one, and full of horrible phaenomena; for besides the alarming meteors and tremendous thunder-storms that affrighted and distressed the different counties of this kingdom, the peculiar haze, or smokey fog, that prevailed for many weeks in this island, and in every part of Europe, and even beyond its limits, was a most extraordinary appearance, unlike anything known within the memory of man. By my journal I find that I had noticed this strange occurrence from June 23 to July 20 inclusive, during which period the wind varied to every quarter without making any alteration in the air. The sun, at noon, looked as blank as a clouded moon, and shed a rust-coloured ferruginous light on the ground, and floors of rooms; but was particularly lurid and blood-coloured at rising and setting. All the time the heat was so intense that butchers' meat could hardly be eaten on the day after it was killed; and the flies swarmed so in the lanes and hedges that they rendered the horses half frantic, and riding irksome. The country people began to look, with a superstitious awe, at the red, louring aspect of the sun;
 

SteveJ

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And lo, the Transfer Forum was beset by muppets, and the agents of disappointment...