Most of them, how many of the top teams in the world have a great playmaker that they center their game around?
That's a very different question - most of the the time the game is
centred around a playmaker when the rest of the team are not at the same level and there's a lack of genuine attacking threats elsewhere. Which is exactly what happened with Messi.
On the flipside there are loads of great teams with wonderful playmakers that had multiple points of attack and multiple playmakers within them. I find it strange you call yourself a fan of Pélé but don't care much for playmaking given he was universally recognised as a playmaker, and that 1970 tournament was the possibly the greatest collection of playmakers to play in a World Cup final.
His greatest achievement in that World Cup was being the playmaker of playmakers - he
made that team great. Put in any other number of players in there and it would've been pure chaos, but he managed to create real chemistry there. That's one of Messi's great achievements too - he co-existed along with playmakers in a way his compatriot couldn't.
So to answer the question of which great teams had a playmaker in it, even if you just look at teams that won major trophies...
International teams (at least 1 WC / Euro)
Italy 1934 and 1938 - Giuseppe Meazza (and Ferrari)
Germany 1954 - Fritz Walter
Brazil 1958 and 1962 - Didi (and Pélé)
England 1966 - Charlton (and Moore)
Brazil 1970 - Pélé (and Rivelino, Gerson, Tostao)
Germany 1972 - Netzer (and Beckenbauer, Overath)
Italy 1982 - Conti
France 1984 - Platini
Argentina 1986 - Maradona
France 1998 - Zidane
Brazil 2002 - Rivaldo (and Ronaldinho)
Italy 2006 - Pirlo
Spain 2010 - Xavi (and Iniesta)
Germany 2014 - Kroos (and Ozil)
Club teams (reached at least 2 European Cup finals in a short period)
Real Madrid late 50s - Di Stéfano (and Puskás, Kopa)
Benfica early 60s - Coluna
Internazionale early 60s - Suárez (and Mazzola)
Ajax early 70s - Cruyff (and Keizer, Krol, Neeskens)
Bayern mid 70s - Beckenbauer (and Brietner)
Liverpool early 80s - Dalglish
Juve early 80s - Platini (and Boniek, Scirea)
Juve late 90s - Zidane
Madrid late 90s - Redondo (and Raúl)
Milan early-mid 00s - Pirlo (and Káká, Rui Costa)
Barcelona mid 00s - Ronaldinho (and Xavi, Iniesta)
Barcelona early-mid 10s - Messi (and Xavi, Iniesta)
Madrid mid-10s - Modric (and Kroos)
And that's using a very limited sample of teams to start with...
You can use a very limited definition of a playmaker to rule out some of these players due to the role they occupied - e.g. Beckenbauer didn't play like a classical #10, so he can't be a "playmaker"...despite him being universally recognised as the definition of a playmaker at the time, and undoubtedly seeing the game revolve around him more than Messi for the majority of his career. But the majority of these players occupied the same spaces and were clearly tasked with the responsibility of being a playmaker.
So I'd say the majority of great teams have had playmakers - many of them had multiple.